Battle of Pabaiskas

Battle of Pabaiskas
Part of the Lithuanian Civil War (1431–1435)

Monument in the field of the Battle of Pabaiskas
Date September 1, 1435
Location Pabaiskas near the Šventoji River
Result Decisive victory for Sigismund Kęstutaitis
Belligerents
Eastern Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk, Kiev, Volhynia)
Livonian Order

Golden Horde

 Western Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Samogitia, Podlaskie, Hrodna, Minsk)
Kingdom of Poland
Commanders and leaders
Švitrigaila
Sigismund Korybut †
Franco Kerskorff †		 Sigismund Kęstutaitis
Michael Žygimantaitis
Jakub Kobylański
Strength
ca. 15,000 ca. 15,000

The Battle of Pabaiskas (Also called the Battle of Vilkomir, the Battle of Wilkomierz, and the Battle of Swienta[1] or Šventoji ) took place on September 1, 1435 near Ukmergė (formerly Vilkmergė), by the Šventoji River in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the help of military units from the Kingdom of Poland, the forces of Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis soundly defeated Švitrigaila and his Livonian Order allies. The battle ended the Lithuanian Civil War (1431–1435) and inflicted major damage to the Livonian Order.[2]

Contents

Background

Main article: Lithuanian Civil War (1431–1435)

In 1430 Vytautas the Great died without an heir.

The Lithuanian nobles elected Švitrigaila, Jogaila's brother and Vytautas' cousin, as the new Grand Duke without consulting with Poland.[3] This violated the Union of Horodło of 1413, and outraged the Polish nobles. Švitrigaila prepared for war and enlisted the Teutonic Knights, Moldavia, and the Golden Horde as his allies.[3] Sigismund Kęstutaitis assumed power in Lithuania when he deposed Švitrigaila in a coup on August 31, 1432. Švitrigaila escaped, established himself in Polotsk, and rallied his supporters from Slavic lands of the Grand Duchy against Sigismund.

The Teutonic Knights secretly supported Švitrigaila chiefly through its branch in Livonia.[4] Švitrigaila and Sigismund were now engaged in a destructive civil war. In December 1432 their armies met near Ašmena; Švitrigaila was defeated, but the victory was not decisive.[5] In 1433 together with the Livonian knights, Švitrigaila raided Lida, Kreva, Eišiškės and devastated the surrounding areas near Vilnius, Trakai, and Kaunas.[5] After Jogaila's death in 1434, the Teutonic Knights resumed their war against Poland.[4]

The battle

Each side mobilized around 15,000 troops (in some cases estimates run up to 30,000 on each side).[4] Švitrigaila commanded forces of Lithuanians, Orthodox Ruthenians, Livonian Knights, at least 500 Tatars from the Golden Horde, and a few Teutonic Knights.[4] There might have been some Hussites on his side as he enlisted his nephew Sigismund Korybut, a distinguished military leader during the Hussite Wars.[6] Sigismund Kęstutaitis commanded Lithuanian and Polish army. His son Michael commanded Samogitian troops[4] and Jakub Kobylański was in charge of Polish forces. The opponents met about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) south of Vilkmergė near the Šventoji River.[2] Later a town, named Pabaiskas, was built in the field to commemorate the battle. At first the armies were separated by the Lake Žirnajai and a marshy creek.[2] The armies could not engage each other. After two days Švitrigaila and Livonian Grand Master Franco Kerskorff decided to change position and move towards Vilkmergė.[2] As the army marched, it was attacked by Sigismund Kęstutaitis, split in half and soundly defeated. Švitrigaila escaped to Polotsk with about 30 followers.[4] Kerskorff was killed in the battle. Korybut was severely wounded and captured. He died few days later; historians speculate whether he died of the wounds, was drowned, or poisoned.[6]

Aftermath

The battle reduced the power of the Livonian Order as its army was defeated, Grand Master killed, and many senior officers taken prisoners.[7] The damage to the Livonian Order caused by the battle is often compared to the consequences that the Battle of Grunwald (1410) had on the Teutonic Knights.[4] The peace treaty was signed on December 31, 1435 in Brześć Kujawski. The Teutonic and Livonian Orders promised not to interfere with internal matters of Lithuania or Poland. Even Pope or Holy Roman Emperor could not force the Orders to violate the treaty.[3] The peace did not alter borders established in the Treaty of Melno (1422).[7]

Livonian Orders defeat in the battle brought it closer to its neighbors in Livonia. The Livonian Confederation agreement was signed on December 4, 1435 by the Livonian Order, Livonian Bishops, vassals and city representatives.[8]

Švitrigaila escaped and continued to resist, but he was losing his power in the eastern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1437 he proposed a compromise: he would continue to rule Kiev and Volhynia, territories that still remained loyal to him, in exchange for peace and promise to transfer these lands after his death to the King of Poland.[5] Because of strong protests from Sigismund Kęstutatis the Polish Senate did not ratify the agreement. The following year Švitrigaila retreated to Moldavia.[5] Sigismund became the undisputed Grand Duke of Lithuania. However, his reign was short as he was assassinated in 1440. A church was built in the battlefield by Sigismund Kęstutaitis to commemorate his victory. The town of Pabaiskas (Polish: Pobojowisko means battlefield) later grew around the church.[9]

References

  1. ^ Housley, Norman (1992). The Later Crusades, 1274-1580. Oxford University Press. p. 363. ISBN 0198221363. http://books.google.com/?id=JQP2F2q9xDkC&pg=PA363&dq. 
  2. ^ a b c d Simas Sužiedėlis, ed (1970–1978). "Pabaiskas, Battle of". Encyclopedia Lituanica. IV. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 140–141. LCC 74-114275. 
  3. ^ a b c Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė, Albinas Kunevičius (2000) [1995]. The History of Lithuania Before 1795 (English ed.). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 205–207. ISBN 9986-810-13-2. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Urban, William (2003). Tannenberg and After. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 311–313. ISBN 0-929700-25-2. 
  5. ^ a b c d Simas Sužiedėlis, ed (1970–1978). "Švitrigaila". Encyclopedia Lituanica. V. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 348–350. LCC 74-114275. 
  6. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Piročkinas, Arnoldas (1999). "Žygimantas Kaributaitis – tragiško likimo asmenybė". Mokslas ir gyvenimas 10 (502). ISSN 0134-3084. http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/mg/nr/99/10/10kar.html. 
  7. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Kiaupienė, Jūratė (2002). "Gediminaičiai ir Jogailaičiai prie Vytauto palikimo". Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės. Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986-9216-9-4. http://mkp.emokykla.lt/gimtoji/?id=848. Retrieved 2008-03-09. 
  8. ^ Raudkivi, Priit (2007). Vana-Liivimaa maapäev. Argo. pp. 118–119. ISBN 9949415845. http://books.google.com/?id=4QxtGQAACAAJ&dq. 
  9. ^ (Lithuanian) "Lankytinos vietos". Utena district municipality. http://www.ukmerge.lt/index.php/lt/40354/. Retrieved 2008-07-03.